The microbiota of upper parts of gastrointestinal tract and its role in the development of obesity in children

Cover Page


Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Evaluation of qualitative and quantitative composition of microflora of different habitats of the human body and definition of their role in the development of metabolic disorders are of great interest for investigators worldwide. The gut microbiota is an obligatory contributor to the synthesis, recirculation and metabolism of steroid hormones, lipids, and bile acids. Infectious agents and their biologically active compounds initiate the atherogenesis. Disorders of lipid metabolism are associated with a change in bacterial enterotypes. Microbiotal colonization of gastrointestinal tract starts at birth. Its composition in a newborn depends on a variety of environmental and nutritional factors, maternal health, the course of pregnancy and delivery. Infants born by cesarean section have a higher incidence of obesity, which is thought to be associated with a delay of bifidobacterial colonization of gastrointestinal tract.

Reduction of bifidobacteria counts in the gut in infants below 12 months of age predisposes to obesity in later life. Children born to mothers with obesity have significant differences in the composition of the gut microflora, compared to children born to normal weight mothers. This review presents the data on the association between metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, and persistence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Further in-depth research in this area would increase the knowledge on the mechanisms of hormonal and metabolic disorders in childhood and may help to develop algorithms for effective treatment and preventive measures.

About the authors

T. A. Bokova

Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute, Moscow

Author for correspondence.
Email: bta2304@mail.ru

Bokova Tat'yana A. – MD, PhD, Professor, Chair of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Training Faculty.

61/2-5 Shchepkina ul., Moscow, 129110, Russian Federation. Tel.: +7 (495) 681 25 98. E-mail: bta2304@mail.ru

Russian Federation

A. S. Koshurnikova

Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute, Moscow

Email: fake@neicon.ru
Koshurnikova Anastasiya S. – MD, Physician, Endoscopy Department; Assistant, Chair of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Training Faculty Russian Federation

References

  1. Шендеров БА. Медицинская микробная экология и функциональное питание. Том I. Микрофлора человека и животных и ее функции. М.: Грантъ; 1998. 288 с.
  2. Парфенов АИ, Бондаренко ВМ. Что нам дал вековой опыт познания симбионтной кишечной микрофлоры. Архив патологии. 2012;2:21-5.
  3. Slocum C, Coats SR, Hua N, Kramer C, Papa-dopoulos G, Weinberg EO, Gudino CV, Hamilton JA, Darveau RP, Genco CA. Distinct lipid a moieties contribute to pathogen-induced site-specific vascular inflammation. PLoS Pat-hog. 2014;10(7):e1004215. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004215.
  4. Бондаренко ВМ. Роль условно-патогенных бактерий при хронических воспалительных процессах различной локализации. Тверь: Триада; 2011. 88 с.
  5. Яковлев МЮ. Кишечный эндотоксин и воспаление. В: Дерматовенерология. Национальное руководство. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2011. с. 99-110.
  6. Бондаренко ВМ. Механизмы транслокации бактериальной аутофлоры в развитии эндогенной инфекции. Бюллетень Оренбургского научного центра УрО РАН (электронный журнал). 2013;(3). Доступно на: http://elmag.uran.ru:9673/magazine/Numbers/2013-3/Articles/BondarenkoVM(2013-3).pdf.
  7. Лиходед ВГ, Бондаренко ВМ, Гинцбург АЛ. Рецепторная теория атеросклероза. Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук. 2010;(5):11-5.
  8. Ross R. Atherosclerosis an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(2):115-26. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199901143400207.
  9. McCracken VJ, Lorenz RG. The gastrointestinal ecosystem: a precarious alliance among epithelium, immunity and microbiota. Cell Microbiol. 2001;3(1):1-11. doi: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2001.00090.x.
  10. Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L, Sargent M, Gill SR, Nelson KE, Rel-man DA. Diversity of the human intestinal mi-crobial flora. Science. 2005;308(5728):1635-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1110591.
  11. Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Pasli-er D, Yamada T, Mende DR, Fernandes GR, Tap J, Bruls T, Batto JM, Bertalan M, Borruel N, Casellas F, Fernandez L, Gautier L, Hansen T, Hattori M, Hayashi T, Kleerebezem M, Kuro-kawa K, Leclerc M, Levenez F, Manichanh C, Nielsen HB, Nielsen T, Pons N, Poulain J, Qin J, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Tims S, Torrents D, Ugarte E, Zoetendal EG, Wang J, Guarner F, Pedersen O, de Vos WM, Brunak S, Dore J; MetaHIT Consortium, Antolin M, Artiguenave F, Blottiere HM, Almeida M, Brechot C, Cara C, Chervaux C, Cul-trone A, Delorme C, Denariaz G, Dervyn R, Fo-erstner KU, Friss C, van de Guchte M, Guedon E, Haimet F, Huber W, van Hylckama-Vlieg J, Jamet A, Juste C, Kaci G, Knol J, Lakhdari O, Layec S, Le Roux K, Maguin E, Merieux A, Melo Minardi R, M'rini C, Muller J, Oozeer R, Parkhill J, Renault P, Rescigno M, Sanchez N, Sunagawa S, Torrejon A, Turner K, Vandemeulebrouck G, Va-rela E, Winogradsky Y, Zeller G, Weissenbach J, Ehrlich SD, Bork P. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2011;473(7346):174-80. doi: 10.1038/nature09944.
  12. DiBaise JK, Zhang H, Crowell MD, Krajmal-nik-Brown R, Decker GA, Rittmann BE. Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83(4):460-9. doi: 10.4065/83.4.460.
  13. Fanaro S, Chierici R, Guerrini P, Vigi V. Intestinal microflora in early infancy: composition and development. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2003;91(441):48-55.
  14. Spor A, Koren O, Ley R. Unravelling the effects of the environment and host genotype on the gut microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011;9(4):279-90. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2540.
  15. Gronlund MM, Lehtonen OP, Eerola E, Kero P. Fecal microflora in healthy infants born by different methods of delivery: permanent changes in intestinal flora after cesarean delivery. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999;28(1): 19-25.
  16. Kalliomaki M, Collado MC, Salminen S, Isolau-ri E. Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict overweight. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(3):534-8.
  17. Caricilli AM, Saad MJ. The role of gut microbi-ota on insulin resistance. Nutrients. 2013;5(3): 829-51. doi: 10.3390/nu5030829.
  18. Galley JD, Bailey M, Kamp Dush C, Schoppe-Sul-livan S, Christian LM. Maternal obesity is associated with alterations in the gut microbiome in toddlers. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e113026. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113026.
  19. Soto A, Martin V, Jimenez E, Mader I, Rodriguez JM, Fernandez L. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in human breast milk: influence of an-tibiotherapy and other host and clinical factors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;59(1):78-88. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000347.
  20. Martin R, Olivares M, Marin ML, Fernandez L, Xaus J, Rodriguez JM. Probiotic potential of 3 Lactobacilli strains isolated from 10.1177/0890334404272393.
  21. Martin V, Maldonado-Barragan A, Moles L, Rodriguez-Banos M, Campo RD, Fernandez L, Rodriguez JM, Jimenez E. Sharing of bacterial strains between breast milk and infant feces. J Hum Lact. 2012;28(1):36-44. doi: 10.1177/0890334411424729.
  22. Angelakis E, Armougom F, Million M, Raoult D. The relationship between gut microbiota and weight gain in humans. Future Microbiol. 2012;7(1):91-109. doi: 10.2217/fmb.11.142.
  23. Andersson AF, Lindberg M, Jakobsson H, Back-hed F, Nyren P, Engstrand L. Comparative analysis of human gut microbiota by barcoded py-rosequencing. PLoS One. 2008;3(7):e2836. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002836.
  24. Roos S, Engstrand L, Jonsson H. Lactobacillus gastricus sp. nov., Lactobacillus antri sp. nov., Lactobacillus kalixensis sp. nov. and Lactoba-cillus ultunensis sp. nov., isolated from human stomach mucosa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2005;55(Pt 1):77-82. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.63083-0.
  25. Hill M. Normal and pathological microbial flora of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1985;111:1-6.
  26. Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet. 1984;1(8390):1311-5. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91816-6.
  27. Аруин ЛИ, Капуллер ЛЛ, Исаков ВА. Морфологическая диагностика болезней желудка и кишечника. М.: Триада-Х; 1998. 496 c.
  28. Blaser MJ, Chen Y, Reibman J. Does Helico-bacter pylori protect against asthma and allergy? Gut. 2008;57(5):561-7. doi: 10.1136/gut.2007.133462.
  29. Корниенко ЕА. Инфекция Helicobacter pylori у детей. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2011. 272 с.
  30. Khomeriki S. Standard therapeutic regimens in H. pylori infection leads to activation of transitory fungal flora in gastric mucus. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol. 2014;(5):16-20.
  31. Fischbach LA, Nordenstedt H, Kramer JR, Gandhi S, Dick-Onuoha S, Lewis A, El-Serag HB. The association between Barrett's esophagus and Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-anal-ysis. Helicobacter. 2012;17(3):163-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00931.x.
  32. Lender N, Talley NJ, Enck P, Haag S, Zipfel S, Morrison M, Holtmann GJ. Review article: Associations between Helicobacter pylori and obesity an ecological study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40(1):24-31. doi: 10.1111/apt.12790.
  33. Rasmi Y, Raeisi S. Possible role of Helico-bacter pylori infection via microvascular dysfunction in cardiac syndrome X. Cardiol J. 2009;16(6):585-7.
  34. Nabipour I, Vahdat K, Jafari SM, Pazoki R, Sanjdi-deh Z. The association of metabolic syndrome and Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus type 1: the Persian Gulf Healthy Heart Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006;5:25. doi: 10.1186/1475-2840-5-25.
  35. Thjodleifsson B, Olafsson I, Gislason D, Gisla-son T, Jogi R, Janson C. Infections and obesity: A multinational epidemiological study. Scand J Infect Dis. 2008;40(5):381-6. doi: 10.1080/00365540701708293.
  36. Gen R, Demir M, Ataseven H. Effect of Helico-bacter pylori eradication on insulin resistance, serum lipids and low-grade inflammation. South Med J. 2010;103(3):190-6. doi: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181cf373f.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2016 Bokova T.A., Koshurnikova A.S.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies