2015: Supplement 1

THE PROBLEM OF OBESITY

A SYSTEMIC APPROACH TO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF OBESITY

Dreval' A.V.

Abstract

Editorial
Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;1(1):6-7
pages 6-7 views

THE ROLE OF MULTIFACTORIAL APPROACH TO TREATMENT OF OBESITY IN FEMALES

Andrianova O.L., Mirsaeva G.K., Fazlyeva R.M., Ibragimova L.A.

Abstract

Background: Obesity is characterized by an increased risk of diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension and reproductive system disorders, which makes it necessary to implement multifactorial correction of metabolic disturbances.

Aim: To analyze diet intake structure of patients with obesity, efficacy and safety of sibutramine monotherapy and sibutramine/metformin combination therapy in the formation of adequate nutritional stereotypes and reduction of bodyweight.

Materials and methods: Eighty-two obese women aged 18 to 49 years (mean age 29.7±5.7 years) were included into this observational study. Inclusion criteria: women aged 18 to 49 years, with waist circumference>80 cm, body mass index (BMI)>27 kg/m², triglyceride level>1.7  mmol/L and/or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol>3.8  mmol/L, and/or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol<1.29 mmol/L. Exclusion criteria in this study were presence of severe somatic and endocrine disorders. The control group consisted of 35 healthy women aged 18 to 49 years (mean age 28.7±5.6 years). All patients were recruited within the observational program PrimaVera.

 Results: Analysis of dietary intake in female obese patients showed an excess of daily energy intake of 650±250 kcal compared to that in subjects with normal BMI and normal waist circumference. Seventy one percent of patients had excessive expectations from treatment duration and desired weight loss. For control of their eating behavior, 52 patients were administered Reduxin® (sibutramine+cellulose microcristallic) 10 mg daily. Other 30 patients (24 women with a history of carbohydrate metabolism disturbances during pregnancy and 6 women who had delivered babies with birth weight of above4 kg) were administered Reduxin® 10 mg and metformin 500  mg daily, with weekly dose increase by 500  mg to the final dose of 1500 mg daily. The treatment lasted for 24  weeks. Daily caloric intake decreased by 24±4% from baseline (p<0.05) on monotherapy and by 28±7% from baseline (p<0.05) on combination therapy. Average weight loss comprised -8.9±1.6 kg(p<0.05) under monotherapy and 9.7±1.5 kg(p<0,05) under combination therapy. Reduction in waist circumference amounted to 11.4±1.8 cm(p<0.05) under monotherapy and 14.1±1.5 cm(p<0.05) under combination therapy. Physical activity (data from pedometers) increased by 6.9±1.8 thousand steps (p<0.05) in the monotherapy group and 7.2±2.0 thousand steps (p<0.05) in the combination therapy group. After 24 weeks of treatment 48.3% of females had their libido increased, 35.4% reported an increase in their self-consciousness as a sexual partner. Menstrual cycle was normalized in 83.8% of patients and restoration of ovulation in 75.8%. There were no significant adverse effects with Reduxin® 10 mg monotherapy and its combination with metformin 1500 mg.

Conclusion: Obesity should be considered mostly as a result of imbalanced dietary intake. Treatment with Reduxin® 10 mg and combination therapy with Reduxin® 10 mg and metformin 1500 mg for 6 months resulted in reduction of daily caloric intake, control of eating behavior, target weight loss, reduced abnormalities in reproductive system and sexual problems. The results obtained indicate that 6 months of Reduxin® 10 mg and combination therapy with Reduxin® 10 mg and metformin 1500 mg are effective and safe. 

Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;1(1):8-12
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PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA

Bobrov A.E.

Abstract

Prevalence of anorexia nervosa among women is 0,5%, whereas mortality related to this disorder amounts to 5–17%. Psychopathological structure of anorexia nervosa implies abnormalities of behavior as well as those of motivation and volition, thinking, perception and appreciation. In addition, mental abnormalities typical for this disorder are evident in regulation of emotions, specific personality traits and self-consciousness. The key psychopathological feature of patients with anorexia nervosa is a lack of cognitive and personal differentiation that calls forth impairments of self-concept and self-image. Anorexia nervosa should be differentiated from depression and schizophrenic spectrum disorders. Its etiology and pathogenesis are related both to hereditary and psychosocial factors. Of great importance are psychoendocrine abnormalities, however their role is still insufficiently elucidated.

Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;1(1):13-23
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OBESITY: A GASTROENTEROLOGIST’S POINT OF VIEW AND VARIANTS OF MEDICAL THERAPY

Grinevich V.B., Sas E.I., Kravchuk Y.A., Efimov O.I.

Abstract

Background: One of the main pathophysiological features of metabolic syndrome is abdominal obesity which forms the basis of metabolic syndrome associated disorders, such as disorders of carbohydrate metabolism and atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia. Abdominal obesity and metabolic disturbances promote the development of constellation of various disorders, like that of the liver (non-alcoholic fatty disease), biliary tract, heart, as well as pancreas (with formation of steatosis). This makes an obese patient polimorbid and significantly complicates his/hers treatment. Therefore, development of modern and safe approaches to treatment of obesity, with consideration of individual characteristics of metabolic abnormalities, seems to be highly relevant.

 Aim: To assess efficacy and safety of a combined product of sibutramine and microcristallic cellulose (Reduxin®) in patients with alimentary constitutional obesity resistant to medical treatment, as well as to identify factors that influence efficacy of sibutramine in this patient category.

 Materials and methods: Forty patients (25 males and 15 females) with grade II–III obesity resistant to medical treatment participated in the study. Mean age of patients was 36.8 ± 10.4 years. Their clinical and laboratory assessment, beyond standard parameters, included measurement of insulin resistance index, leptin levels, assessment of vasomotor endothelial function, type of eating behavior and gut microflora. Weight reduction program was based on hypocaloric diet, regular physical exercise of moderate intensity and treatment with sibutramine (Reduxin®) 15 mg daily for 6 months. Efficacy of treatment was assessed as reduction of body mass by ≥ 5% from baseline within 3 months of treatment.

Results: After 3 months of treatment, effective reduction of body mass by ≥ 10% was seen in 80% of patients. After 6 months from the study start, 100% of patients achieved and maintained effective reduction of body weight by 10.6 to 20.2% from baseline values. Patients with whom treatment was least effective, had higher insulin resistance index (r = 0.32, p < 0.05), higher leptin levels (r = 0.42, p < 0.05), higher degree of liver steatosis on ultrasound examination (r = 0.38, p < 0.05), higher proportion of patients with emotionally triggered eating behavior (r = 0.29, p < 0.05), as well as more advanced dysbiotic abnormalities of gut microflora (r = 0.27, p < 0.05). To decrease dysbiotic abnormalities of the gut, patients with previous lack of treatment efficacy were administered a prebiotic complex Eubicor®. 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and electrocardiographic monitoring before the start of the treatment allowed to avoid significant side effects with daily sibutramine dose of 15 mg. During treatment with sibutramine, the following potentially related side effects were reported: dryness of mouth (6 cases in 15% of patients), episode of tachycardia at rest (2 cases, 5% patients), transient sleep disorder (3 cases, 7.5% patients).

Conclusion: Sibutramine can be considered as an effective and safe agent for comprehensive treatment of patients with alimentary constitutional obesity grade II–III, resistant to previous medical therapy. Addition of the prebiotic complex (Eubicor®) to diet allows for improvement of treatment efficacy in patients taking Reduxin®. 

Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;1(1):24-29
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IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF OBESITY

Gusova Z.R., Dzantieva E.O., Khripun I.A.

Abstract

Background: At present, convincing data on the role of immune system in pathophysiology of obesity are lacking, which makes it necessary to investigate this issue. Aim: To assess metabolic status and characteristics of immune system in patients with overweight and morbid obesity.

Materials and methods: One hundred and ninety two patients with overweight and advanced obesity (mean body mass index (BMI) 36.8 ± 7.3 kg/m. aged from 19 to 55 years) were recruited in to the study. Depending on the grade of obesity, the patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 included 84 overweight patients (BMI 27.65 ± 0.17 kg/m.), group 2 included 88 patients with obesity grade III (BMI 44.03 ± 0.44 kg/m.). The groups were comparable as to their age and gender. The control group comprised 20 otherwise healthy subjects with normal body weight. Assessments included parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, hemodynamic parameters, immune status including cytokine profile.

Results: In patients of both groups abnormalities in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were found, together with changes of hemodynamic parameters which were more advanced with higher degree of obesity. These parameters demonstrated that obesity promotes manifestation of metabolic syndrome. There was remarkable imbalance in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Patients with obesity grade III had a statistically significant (р = 0.05) increase in their serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (6.32 ± 0.49 vs 2.14 ± 0.25), interleukin (IL)-4 (7.56 ± 0.44 vs 1.44 ± 0.10), IL-6 (5.39 ± 0.89 vs 2.02 ± 0.16), IL-17 (2.74 ± 0.29 vs 0.59 ± 0.20) both in basal and stimulated conditions, compared to those in patients with overweight and control patients.

Conclusion: The study showed that imbalance in immune system increases with an increase of obesity grade. This imbalance implies lymphocyte maturation and differentiation, higher cytotoxicity of immunocompetent cells, over expression of receptors both to proand anti-inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis activation, abnormalities in inter-cellular cooperation and disorders of phagocytic adaptation reserve. 

Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;1(1):30-35
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THE PROBLEM OF OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ITS PHARMACOECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

Krysanova V.S., Zhuravleva M.V., Dralova O.V., Rogacheva O.A., Kameneva T.R.

Abstract

Background: Due to high prevalence of obesity that has turned into enormous economic and social burden, studies aimed at assessment of damages caused by this medico-social problem are seen as very important in the last years.

 Aim: To assess economic burden of obesity in the Russian Federation taking as an example three main socially significant medical conditions: acute cerebrovascular accident (stroke), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Materials and methods: We analyzed available evidence on assessment of costs of management and treatment of obese patients and its relation to the disorders selected. To measure costs of obesity for the state budget, we used clinical and economic analysis “cost of illness” with consideration of risks of stroke, AMI and T2DM in the population. Taking into account specific features of cost assessment and based on publically available data, we developed separate models to calculate cost of illness for each selected disease type.

Results: Obesity-related expenses incurred by the state for treatment and management of patients amounted to 10.2 billion rubles for stroke, 7.6 billion rubles for AMI and 346.3 billion rubles for T2DM.

Conclusion: Оbesity is a serious problem causing significant economic and social losses that are increasing.

Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;1(1):36-41
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THE ROLE OF NUTRIGENOMICS IN CORRECTION OF METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES

Misnikova I.V.

Abstract

In some patients, diet and increased physical exercise are not effective enough to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. At present, a  new approach is proposed to elaborate the diet with consideration of specific need of an individual. Food components can cause changes in metabolism through their influence on activity of certain genes that subsequently influence human proteome and metabolome. It is assumed that nutrients may influence methylation of deoxyribonucleic acid. A number of studies established an interaction between some foods and genes associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diet recommendations based on presence of certain gene polymorphisms have been developed. The spectrum of gene polymorphisms that is necessary to assess in individuals with metabolic abnormalities or with high risk of their development has been also defined.

Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;1(1):42-45
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IDENTIFICATION OF RISK GROUPS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BASED ON FINDRISС QUESTIONNAIRE

Misnikova I.V., Dreval' A.V., Dzebisashvili T.G.

Abstract

Background: Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has reached an epidemic level worldwide and continues to increase steadily.

Aim: To assess appropriateness of FINDRISC questionnaire to identify groups with high risk of T2DM in the population of theMoscowregion.

Materials and methods: Four hundred and four subjects aged above 18 years in the Lukhovitsy district of theMoscowregion were screened for disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism. All participants filled in the questionnaire of the Finnish Diabetes Association, FINDRISC (the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score). An oral glucose tolerance test was performed in all subjects.

 Results: Prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in the study sample was 36.1%. Among them, newly diagnosed T2DM was found in 6.1%, impaired glucose tolerance, in 14.4%, impaired fasting glycaemia, in 18.5%, both impaired glucose tolerance and fasting glycaemia, in 5.7%. Detection of T2DM and early disorders of carbohydrate metabolism was higher in subjects with higher FINDRISC scores. The screening model that includes diagnostic assessment of subjects with a score of≥12 of this questionnaire has adequate sensitivity and specificity to detect T2DM. This model allows for reduction of the necessary sample to 37.5%. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is higher in the subjects with a high FINDRISC score, compared to those with the minimal score.

Conclusion: Active implementation of FINDRISC questionnaire among the population of theMoscowregion would allow for timely detection of those with T2DM risk for further screening for disorders of carbohydrate metabolism and introduction of activities to prevent T2DM. 

Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;1(1):46-50
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THE USE OF MULTI-COMPONENT THERAPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF METABOLIC SYNDROME

Nedogoda S.V., Barykina I.N., Salasyuk A.S., Khripaeva V.Y., Smirnova V.O.

Abstract

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of hormonal and metabolic abnormalities arising from insulin resistance. It is associated with high risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. To reduce this risk, correction of the key pathophysiological factor of MS is recommended, namely, abdominal obesity. However, conventional non-medical treatment approaches (lifestyle changes and diet), as well as medical therapy with metformin frequently do not provide significant and consistent reduction in body weight. With all this, the use of sibutramine, a centrally active anti-obesity agent, looks promising. Being a selective inhibitor of re-uptake of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine, this agent promotes decreased appetite and weight loss in combination with diet and exercise.

Aim: To compare efficacy of lifestyle intervention only to that of lifestyle intervention plus metformin monotherapy or lifestyle intervention plus combination therapy with sibutramine and metformin with regard to anthropometric and metabolic parameters in MS patients.

 Materials and methods: This was a prospective, open-label, randomized, comparative study in 3 parallel groups. Sixty patients (mean age 45.4 ± 7.5 years) with MS (according to IDF 2005 criteria) were enrolled and randomized into 3 groups at 1:1:1 ratio. For 24 weeks, patients in the group 1 (n = 20) were on metformin monotherapy, those in the group 2 (n = 20) on combined therapy with sibutramine and metformin and patients from the group 3 (control group, n = 20) were given recommendations on lifestyle change only. The groups were matched for baseline clinical characteristics and demographics. All patients were instructed on diet, physical activity, and lifestyle changes. Anthropometric and metabolic parameters were assessed at baseline, weeks 4, 12 and 24.

 Results: The group on combination therapy with sibutramine/metformin showed the highest mean percentage of decrease in body mass, body mass index and waist circumference. Under combination therapy, waist circumference decreased by 2.3 ±0.57 cm (р < 0.05), waist/hip ratio by 2.72% (р < 0.05). Serum ALT activity in both groups on medical treatment decreased significantly (by 27.5% in group 1 and by 28.07% in group 2, p < 0.05 for comparison with baseline values) which indicates an improvement of liver function in MS patients. At week 24, there were clinically significant improvements of lipid profile in both medical treatment groups. In group 2, there was more advanced decrease in triglyceride levels, compared to group 1 (by 24.5% vs. 11.2%, p < 0.05). There were no serious adverse events related to the drugs during the study.

Conclusion: Combination of sibutramine with metformin is effective, safe and well tolerated for correction of excess weight in patients with MS, in whom metformin monotherapy is ineffective. 

Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;1(1):51-59
pages 51-59 views

OBESITY AS A RISK FACTOR FOR NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE

Pavlenko O.A.

Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent disorder associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. The main pathophysiological factor of liver steatosis is insulin resistance that may lead to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Overcoming of insulin resistance by means of body weight reduction and administration of insulin sensitizers is considered to be a promising approach to NAFLD treatment. In accordance with the Russian guidelines on diagnostics and treatment of NAFLD, sibutramine is the drug of choice for medical treatment of obesity. As for insulin sensitizers, metformin (biguanide class) is widely used for treatment of NAFLD in everyday clinical practice. Treatment of NAFLD as a component of metabolic syndrome should be multifactorial and aimed at different aspects of the disease pathophysiology. 

Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;1(1):60-66
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGNOSTICS AND ALIMENTARY PREVENTION SYSTEM OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Pogozheva A.V., Sorokina E.Y., Baturin A.K., Peskova E.V., Makurina O.N., Levin L.G., Aristarkhova T.V., Korosteleva M.M., Denisova N.N., Solntseva T.N., Aleshina L.V., Toboleva M.A.

Abstract

Background: Violation of dietary intake structure leads to changes in nutritional status. This contributes to the development of non-communicable diseases, which account for more than half of causes of death inRussia.

 Materials and methods: In a consultative and diagnostic center "Healthy Nutrition" of theInstituteofNutritionthe nutritional status of 3580 patients (mean age 48.4±0.3  years) has been examined, including genomic and post-translational analysis. 30.0% of patients were overweight and 34.1% were obese.

Results: Analysis of actual dietary intake showed an increase in energy intake due to excess intake of total (44.2%  energy) and saturated fat (13.6%). Serum biochemistry analyses revealed increased cholesterol levels in 68.7%  of patients, increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 63.9%, increased triglycerides in 22.5%, and increased blood glucose in 29.4%. The frequencies of risk alleles of genes associated with development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus were as follows: 47.8% for the polymorphism rs9939609 (FTO gene), 8.3% for the polymorphism rs4994 (gene ADRB3), 60.2% for the polymorphism rs659366 (gene UCP2), 36.6% for the rs5219  polymorphism in the gene of ATPdependent potassium channel.

Conclusion: These results can be used for development of a personalized diet based on assessment of a patient's nutritional status. 

Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;1(1):67-74
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METABOLICALLY HEALTHY OBESITY: DEFINITIONS, PROTECTIVE FACTORS, CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Romantsova T.I., Ostrovskaya E.V.

Abstract

Obesity is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes; nevertheless, in many obese patients no cardiometabolic complications are present. For this group of patients the term “metabolically healthy obesity” (MHO) has been established in 1982. Currently, there is no standardized definition of MHO, and there are large variations in its prevalence rate. The underlying mechanisms of this phenotype are not clear. It has been suggested that preserved insulin sensitivity, as well as high levels of physical activity and genetic predisposition may differentiate metabolically healthy from unhealthy obese adults. Low grade inflammation in the adipose tissue is considered to be a crucial factor for the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. Compared to the metabolically unhealthy obese phenotype, MHO is characterized by a more favorable inflammatory profile in adipose tissue, less visceral fat, less macrophagal infiltration of adipose tissue, smaller adipocyte cell size. The question remains of stability of the MHO phenotype. The aim of this review is to discuss the current literature data concerning characteristics of MHO phenotype, definitions, prevalence and potential protective mechanisms underlying MHO. We also discuss clinical implications of MHO phenotype.

Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;1(1):75-86
pages 75-86 views

CLINICAL AND LABORATORY CORRELATES OF INTELLIGENCE LEVEL (IQ) IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES AND OBESITY

Starostina E.G., Volodina M.N., Bobrov A.E.

Abstract

Background: Level of intelligence influences compliance of diabetic patients and their active and conscious participation in self-care. A potential association between IQ and surrogate efficacy markers of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment has not been studied in Russia.

Aim: To assess potential association between level of intelligence, glucose control, blood pressure (BP) control and obesity in T2DM patients.

Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included 161 T2DM patients (28 males, 133 females) aged from 37 to 79 years with diabetes duration from 0,5 to 30 years. All patients underwent standard clinical and laboratory assessment, including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurement and were seen by a psychiatrist to diagnose possible depressive and cognitive disorders according to International Classification of Diseases-10 criteria. Each participant underwent psychometrical assessment, including Hachinski Ischemia Scale and a battery of cognitive tests. IQ was measured with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS).

Results: Mean (± SD) IQ was 100,6 ± 14,9, which corresponds to average IQ. There was no correlation between IQ and patients age. There were no differences in IQ in T2DM patients from various bodyweight categories. Correlation between HbA1c and IQ in the whole group was non-significant (r = -0,13). Only patients with high and very high IQ (≥ 110) had lower HbA1c than the rest of the group (with IQ < 110): 8,1 ± 2,4 и 8,9 ± 1,9%, respectively (р < 0,05). Level of education did not influence glucose control, BP and body mass index (BMI); HbA1c, BMI and BP values in patients with primary and higher education was virtually similar.

Conclusion: Level of intelligence of T2DM patients does not contribute to risk factor control, such as bodyweight and BP. In majority of T2DM patients, glycemic control does not depend on their IQ and educational level; significantly better glucose control is achieved only by patients with higher IQs. The most important contributor to decrease of IQ in T2DM patients is not their age but rather chronic brain ischemia, i.e. cerebrovascular disease. 

Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;1(1):87-94
pages 87-94 views

DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR OBESITY AND COMORBID DISORDERS BASED ON OBSERVATIONAL PROGRAMS: INTERIM RESULTS OF THE RUSSIAN OBSERVATIONAL PROGRAM PRIMAVERA

Troshina E.A., Mazurina N.V., Galieva M.O.

Abstract

Aim: To assess interim results of the Russian observational program PrimaVera on efficacy and safety sibutramine (Reduxin®) for treatment of obesity within routine medical practice.

 Materials and methods: This multicenter observational program included patients with obesity aged below 65  years, excluding those with uncontrolled arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure and cerebrovascular disease. All patients were administered sibutramine for treatment of their obesity. During out-patient follow-up visits, physicians assessed changes in patients’ body mass, blood pressure and heart rate, as well as registered adverse events. Maximal treatment duration was 12 months. In this report, the results from 16  515  patients are analyzed, 82% of whom (n=13 192) were females.

Results: After 3  months of treatment body mass index (BMI) decreased by 2.81±1.0  kg/m², after 6 months, by 5.17±2.15 kg/m². At 12 months decrease in BMI was 1.3-fold higher compared to 6  months’ results and amounted to 6.76±2.93  kg/m². Reduction of body mass with longterm (above 6  months) treatment with sibutramine under supervision of a physician was associated with a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels (by 4.1 mm Hg, in both cases) and did not lead to an increase in heart rate (Δ=-1.02  bpm). Based on data from 16  515  medical records processed up to now, 397  episodes of adverse events were registered, with none of them being serious.

Conclusion: This interim results of the program PrimaVera confirmed favorable safety profile of Reduxin® and its high efficacy in the treatment of obesity.

Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;1(1):95-101
pages 95-101 views

THE INFLUENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME ON HEART ABNORMALITIES IN PATIENTS WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Sharipova G.K., Saidova M.A., Zhernakova Y.V., Chazova I.E.

Abstract

Aim: To evaluate structural and functional heart abnormalities in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) with and without metabolic syndrome.

Materials and methods: The study included 303  patients with AH I, II and III, aged from 25 to  70  years (mean±SD 52±18 years). All patients were categorized into 3 groups according to severity of AH (AH I, II and III corresponded to groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively). Within each group, patients were subdivided into 2 subgroups: without metabolic syndrome (n=151) and with metabolic syndrome (n=152). Assessments included measurements of blood glucose and lipids, 24-hour monitoring of blood pressure, echocardiography with calculation of myocardial mass index of left ventricle and the use of conventional and tissue myocardial dopplerography.

Results: Already at early stage of AH (gr. I), 60% patients with metabolic syndrome and 32% patients without metabolic abnormalities had some degree of left ventricular remodeling, including concentric type of remodeling in 12 and 20%, excentric hypertrophy in 18 and 6%, concentric left ventricular hypertrophy in 30 and 6%, respectively. In AH I, an increase of myocardial mass index of left ventricle was found in 39% of patients with metabolic syndrome and in 12% patients without it. In patients with AH I, abnormalities of left ventricular diastolic function according to the results of tissue myocardial dopplerography was seen in 82% of patients with metabolic syndrome and in 42% of patients without metabolic syndrome. Patients with AH I–III and metabolic syndrome had almost 5-fold higher probability of heart abnormalities than AH patients without metabolic disturbances (odds ratio 4.8, 95% confidence interval 1.9–6.4, p< 50 and>50 years).

Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome contributes to heart abnormalities irrespective of gender, age and AH grade. 

Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;1(1):102-110
pages 102-110 views

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